Immunization
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Transmembrane proteins (TMPs) are a class of proteins embedded within the cellular phospholipid bilayer that facilitate transmembrane transport between the intracellular and extracellular environments. The interactions within their transmembrane domains serve as a critical conduit linking the external and internal cellular environments, executing various activation and response pathways for signal transduction, which in turn regulates dynamic changes in cell morphology and function. Since aberrant transmembrane protein function is associated with numerous human diseases, their inherent versatility makes them ideal therapeutic targets.
Consequently, full-length, structurally intact multi-pass TMPs are of paramount importance. For instance, studies have confirmed that Rituximab recognizes not only the primary ECL2 epitope of CD20 but also a secondary epitope formed by ECL1/ECL2 interactions, which directly modulates Rituximab's complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) effect. However, owing to their structural complexity and multiple hydrophobic transmembrane regions, multi-pass TMPs typically suffer from extremely low expression levels in host cells, making them exceptionally difficult to obtain.
To overcome the formidable challenges of low expression, difficult production, and compromised activity that have long hindered multi-pass TMPs, we leverage our advanced protein expression and manufacturing technologies to develop the specialized "Full-Length Active Gallery" solution, thereby unlocking downstream applications for these high-value therapeutic targets. Comprising four major formats: VLP, Detergent, Nanodisc, and Nanodisc-pro, This portfolio is designed to support diverse requirements across various application scenarios, including drug screening, antibody development, and functional research.
Featured Products
Application and Recommendation
Key Feature Comparison Across Four Formats
Recommended Formats Based on Applications
Membrane Protein Formats
VLP
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are produced by co-expressing target membrane proteins with viral structural proteins in mammalian cells, enabling native embedding of membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer during VLP budding. This approach preserves authentic conformation, post-translational modifications, and orientation, while creating a completely detergent-free environment with repetitive multivalent display and strong immunogenicity making them ideal for immunization, binding assays in antibody discovery and screening (ELISA), and cell-based assays such as FACS, etc.
Detergent
Through mild detergent micelle extraction, dedicated solubilization, and stringent affinity purification, we maximally retain the native transmembrane conformation of full-length transmembrane proteins throughout downstream purification. This workflow yields purified, detergent-solubilized proteins free of unrelated membrane impurities and exogenous scaffold proteins, with exceptional purity, accurate quantitation, and well-preserved biological activity---ideal for immunization, binding assays in antibody discovery and screening (ELISA) and affinity testing (SPR and BLI), etc.
Nanodisc
Nanodisc reconstitution is a self-assembly process that starts from purified, detergent-solubilized membrane proteins and reconstitutes them into synthetic phospholipid bilayers stabilized by MSP1D1 membrane scaffold protein. This creates a stable, detergent-free environment that preserves native conformation and biological activity, with excellent homogeneity and full compatibility with cell-based assays such as FACS and binding assays in antibody discovery and screening (ELISA), etc.
Nanodisc-pro
Nanodisc-pro membrane protein extraction is a gentle, non-disruptive process that directly isolates full-length transmembrane proteins together with their surrounding native phospholipids from cellular membranes, without breaking or disturbing the original membrane structure. This preserves the membrane protein's natural conformational landscape and native lipid environment, yielding stable nanodisc that retain cellular phospholipids and eliminate the need for detergent solubilization, with fully preserved biological activity---making them ideal for cell-based assays such as FACS and binding assays in antibody discovery and screening (ELISA), etc.
Case Study
- Immunization
- ELISA
- SPR
- FACS
Immunization
Claudin 18.2 VLP
Immunogen: Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7)
Group 1 (Red line): Coated with VLP backbone (Cat. No. VLP-N5213) to characterize the antibody titer against VLP backbone in serum.
Group 2 (Black line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7) to characterize the antibody titers against both Claudin-18.2 and VLP backbone in serum.
Group 3 (Blue line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 Detergent (DDM) (Cat. No. CL2-H5587) to characterize the antibody titer against Claudin-18.2 in serum.
Claudin 18.2 DDM
Immunogen: Claudin-18.2 Detergent (DDM) (Cat. No. CL2-H5587)
Group 1 (Red line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7) to characterize the antibody titers against both Claudin-18.2 and VLP backbone in serum.
Group 2 (Black line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 Detergent (DDM) (Cat. No. CL2-H5587) to characterize the antibody titer against Claudin-18.2 in serum.
Claudin 18.2 Nanodisc-pro
Immunogen: Claudin-18.2 Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CL2-H5589)
Group 1 (Black line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CL2-H5589) to characterize the antibody titer against both Claudin-18.2 and Nanodisc-pro backbone in serum.
Group 2 (Red line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7) to characterize the antibody titers against both Claudin-18.2 and VLP backbone in serum.
Group 3 (Blue line): Coated with Nanodisc-pro backbone (Cat. No. APO-H5143) to characterize the antibody titer against Nanodisc-pro backbone in serum.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Antibody Activity
Specific binding to Claudin-18.2 cells (target). Compared to the isotype control (black line), the anti-human Claudin 18.2 antibody (red line) exhibits a significant rightward shift in fluorescence signal on Claudin-18.2-expressing cells, demonstrating strong binding activity.
Cross-reactivity evaluation against Claudin-18.1 cells (negative control). The signal peak of the antibody (red line) completely overlaps with the isotype control (black line) on Claudin-18.1-expressing cells, indicating high antibody specificity with no apparent cross-reactivity with homologous proteins.
Binding evaluation on HEK 293 cells. The signal peak of the antibody (red line) perfectly overlaps with the isotype control (black line) on HEK 293 cells, demonstrating no significant non-specific binding to background cells.
ELISA
CD20 VLP
As verified by ELISA, biotinylated full-length CD20-VLP (Cat. No. CD0-H82P3) specifically binds to Rituximab biosimilar with an EC50 of 1.11 ng/mL.
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CD20 Detergent
As verified by ELISA, biotinylated full-length CD20-Detergent (Cat. No. CD0-H82E5) specifically binds to Rituximab biosimilar with an EC50 of 9.98 ng/mL.
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CD20 Nanodisc
As verified by ELISA, biotinylated full-length CD20-Nanodisc (Cat. No. CD0-H82E3) specifically binds to Rituximab biosimilar with an EC50 of 6.77 ng/mL.
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CD20 Nanodisc-pro
As verified by ELISA, biotinylated full-length CD20-Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CD0-H82D3) specifically binds to Rituximab biosimilar with an EC50 of 18.20 ng/mL.
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Performance Comparison of CD20 VLP Proteins
ELISA results indicated that biotinylated full-length CD20-VLP (Cat. No. CD0-H82P3) can bind to Rituximab biosimilar with an EC50 of 1.11 ng/mL, while Company A's biotinylated full-length CD20-VLP exhibits an EC50 of 3.76 ng/mL.
Performance Comparison of CD20 Nanodisc Proteins
ELISA results indicated that biotinylated full-length CD20-Nanodisc (Cat. No. CD0-H82E3) can bind to Rituximab biosimilar with an EC50 of 10.31 ng/mL, whereas Company A's biotinylated full-length CD20-Nanodisc exhibits an EC50 of 20.53 ng/mL.
SPR
CD20 Detergent
As verified by SPR, biotinylated full-length CD20 Detergent (Cat. No. CD0-H82E5) can bind to Rituximab biosimilar with an affinity constant of 1.73 nM.
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CD20 Nanodisc
As verified by SPR, biotinylated full-length CD20 Nanodisc (Cat. No. CD0-H82E3) can bind to Rituximab biosimilar with an affinity constant of 49.2 nM.
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CD20 Nanodisc-pro
As verified by SPR, biotinylated full-length CD20 Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CD0-H82D3) can bind to Rituximab biosimilar with an affinity constant of 20.4 nM.
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FACS
CD20 Nanodisc
As verified by FACS, biotinylated full-length CD20-Nanodisc (Cat. No. CD0-H82E3) and a negative control protein (Cat. No. APO-H81Q5) were incubated with transfected Anti-CD20 CAR-293 cells, respectively. The results indicate that CD20-Nanodisc can bind to Anti-CD20 CAR-293 cells.
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CD20 Nanodisc-pro
As verified by FACS, biotinylated full-length CD20-Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CD0-H82D3) and a negative control protein (Cat. No. APO-H8113) were incubated with transfected Anti-CD20 CAR-293 cells, respectively. The results indicate that CD20-Nanodisc-pro can bind to Anti-CD20 CAR-293 cells.
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Comparison between ACRO's Different Formats
Comparison of FACS signal intensities among ACRO's VLP, Nanodisc, and Nanodisc-pro.
Comparison of ACRO and Company A (CD20 Nanodisc Protein)
Comparison of FACS signal intensities among ACRO's Nanodisc and Nanodisc-pro with Company A's Nanodisc.
- Immunization
- ELISA
- SPR
- FACS
Immunization
Claudin 18.2 VLP
Immunogen: Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7)
Group 1 (Red line): Coated with VLP backbone (Cat. No. VLP-N5213) to characterize the antibody titer against VLP backbone in serum.
Group 2 (Black line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7) to characterize the antibody titers against both Claudin-18.2 and VLP backbone in serum.
Group 3 (Blue line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 Detergent (DDM) (Cat. No. CL2-H5587) to characterize the antibody titer against Claudin-18.2 in serum.
Claudin 18.2 DDM
Immunogen: Claudin-18.2 Detergent (DDM) (Cat. No. CL2-H5587)
Group 1 (Red line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7) to characterize the antibody titers against both Claudin-18.2 and VLP backbone in serum.
Group 2 (Black line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 Detergent (DDM) (Cat. No. CL2-H5587) to characterize the antibody titer against Claudin-18.2 in serum.
Claudin 18.2 Nanodisc-pro
Immunogen: Claudin-18.2 Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CL2-H5589)
Group 1 (Black line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 Nanodisc-pro (Cat. No. CL2-H5589) to characterize the antibody titer against both Claudin-18.2 and Nanodisc-pro backbone in serum.
Group 2 (Red line): Coated with Claudin-18.2 VLP (Cat. No. CL2-H52P7) to characterize the antibody titers against both Claudin-18.2 and VLP backbone in serum.
Group 3 (Blue line): Coated with Nanodisc-pro backbone (Cat. No. APO-H5143) to characterize the antibody titer against Nanodisc-pro backbone in serum.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Antibody Activity
Specific binding to Claudin-18.2 cells (target). Compared to the isotype control (black line), the anti-human Claudin 18.2 antibody (red line) exhibits a significant rightward shift in fluorescence signal on Claudin-18.2-expressing cells, demonstrating strong binding activity.
Cross-reactivity evaluation against Claudin-18.1 cells (negative control). The signal peak of the antibody (red line) completely overlaps with the isotype control (black line) on Claudin-18.1-expressing cells, indicating high antibody specificity with no apparent cross-reactivity with homologous proteins.
Binding evaluation on HEK 293 cells. The signal peak of the antibody (red line) perfectly overlaps with the isotype control (black line) on HEK 293 cells, demonstrating no significant non-specific binding to background cells.
Product List
VLP
Detergent
Nanodisc
Nanodisc-pro
Stable Cell Lines
Antibodies
CommanderResources
- Introduction
- Featured Products
- Application and Recommendation
- Membrane Protein Formats
- Case Study
- Product List
- Resources
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